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""The best constitution in the United States today." That is how William Jennings Bryan described the proposed constitution for Oklahoma in 1907. Bryan was clearly engaging in hyperbole, but he was signifying that the drafters of Oklahoma's constitution were guided in the main by many of the concerns which were highlighted during what historians came to dub the Progressive Era.Although the Progressive mentality did not win every victory (Oklahoma's constitution did not then and does not now include a provision for the recall), Progressives were, in general, pleased with the document. In particular, they praised the provision for the initiative and the referendum. Perhaps they did not anticipate that the initiative provision would, by the end of the 1900s, be used over 140 times to amend the very document they had drafted.One reason for the numerous amendments is the fact that so many details were included in the original document (about 50,000 words in length when finished in 1907). Many of these details would quickly become outdated or obsolete, and thus in need of amending. This attention to detail was not just a product of numerous interests seeking to have their favorite provision included in the constitution, but a fear of the drafters that they would not be able to trust the state legislature created by the new constitution to take the interests of the mass of Oklahoma citizens into account when enacting laws. An enduring characteristic of Oklahoma's constitution, however, has been its faith in direct democracy. In 2018 alone, Oklahomans had the opportunity to vote on six provisions to modify state laws or the state's constitution. These included issues that ranged from a state law legalizing medical marijuana (which passed) to amending the state's constitution to allow optometrists to operate in Wal-Mart stores (which did not pass).This volume traces the historical formation and constitutional development of the state. This development, given the frequency with which Oklahomans deem it necessary to change, is literally an ongoing process"--

Constitutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Law --- Constitutional law

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"Cet ouvrage est l'aboutissement d'un Programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme d'Aquitaine, « La société civile organisée en Europe de la fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours : expertise(s), médiation(s), pouvoirs » et réunit des universitaires en histoire, sociologie politique, science politique et droit public. Il retrace pour la première fois une trajectoire de longue durée, au prisme des SHS, de la société civile organisée, dans la diversité de ses composantes et la recherche difficile de ses formes de coordination. La société civile organisée se présente dans l'arène politique comme un Janus travaillant à la fois avec l'État et contre l'État, tout contre. Elle quadrille l'Hexagone de ses « forces vives » entrepreneuriales, syndicales, socio-politiques et associatives. Comme galaxie elle fait et défait le tissu social français et la trajectoire différenciée de ses territoires. La société civile organisée entre aujourd'hui en résonance avec la crise des gilets jaunes, les forces centrifuges de la décentralisation, les défis contradictoires de l'intégration européenne, jusqu'aux difficultés auxquelles nous expose la pandémie du Covid 19."

Civil society --- Political participation --- Associations, institutions, etc --- Europe

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L’activité économique recourt largement au véhicule des personnes morales de droit privé, marchandes ou à but désintéressé. Celles-ci sont organisées par un droit qui entend concilier la promotion des initiatives et la protection contre les abus. Quels sont les avantages et inconvénients de l’exercice d’une activité économique en société ou en association ? Quels en sont les éléments constitutifs ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques des différentes formes de société et d’association, et en particulier de la société anonyme, de la société à responsabilité limitée et de l’association sans but lucratif ? Comment en organiser la gestion et la représentation ? Comment transformer, fusionner, scinder, voire liquider, une société ou une association ? Voilà quelques questions abordées dans cet ouvrage, qui, dans le respect de la précision juridique, privilégie l’approche pratique, et actuelle, puisque cette édition 2020 intègre les développements intervenus jusqu’au 1er août 2020. Elle est bien sûr adaptée au Code des sociétés et des associations, promulgué le 23 mars 2019 et amendé le 28 avril 2020.

Sociétés --- Associations sans but lucratif --- Fondations (droit) --- Droit --- Réforme --- Corporation law --- Corporation law - Belgium --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Sociétés --- Associations

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There are at least 80-100 business associations (such as chambers of commerce or industry-specific bodies) in Malaysia today, representing over 600,000 firms. In February-April 2020, a range of chamber leaders and officers were interviewed to record their experiences of the recent Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration, and any future lessons for business associations in post GE-14 Malaysia. Few Malaysian chambers have had experience in dealing with changes of government, creating challenges when PH took office. Most associations were able to build effective working relationships with the new administration. Compared to Barisan Nasional (BN) ministers, PH ministers emphasized greater policy rigour, more evidence-based arguments, lower tolerance for corruption, and enhanced public accountability. Criticisms of PH include an early focus by some ministers on seemingly trivial issues, an initial distrust of some parts of the public service, and an inability to have all parts of the federal government work cohesively. Some future lessons that business associations have adopted are: avoid taking a partisan stance in policy debates; be prepared for some confusion and lack of clarity in the early days of any new government; expect many existing policies to remain; build relationships with both new ministers and with senior public servants; and ensure that policy positions are well researched and evidence-based. Most associations feel comfortable in adapting to the March 2020 installation of the new Perikatan Nasional administration. Changes in government have also prompted associations to review their own internal policy capacity. Interviewees suggest that chambers may need to enhance their advocacy skills, move away from racially based structures, improve their level of public transparency, become more strategic, and improve their own internal governance and management.

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Government & Business. --- Trade associations --- Political aspects --- Business associations --- Industrial associations --- Trade and professional associations --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Professional associations --- Malaysia.

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If objectivity was the great discovery of the nineteenth century, uncertainty was the great discovery of the twentieth century.

Great Britain --- Intellectual life --- Learned institutions and societies --- Intellectual life. --- Learned institutions and societies. --- Politics and government. --- History --- 1900-1999 --- Academies (Learned societies) --- Learned societies --- Scholarly societies --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Cultural life --- Culture